Freud provides a number of arguments directly against the consciousness criterion—the view that mind equals consciousness. In this chapter, I evaluate these critical arguments and argue that, although many understand these to be the primary arguments Freud marshals for his positive position, they fail to do the stand-alone work that they are claimed to do. The problem, I argue, is that to argue against Cartesianism one cannot directly attack the consciousness criterion. Rather, one must start by understanding consciousness and identifying its mental-relevant essence.