This chapter discusses the use of relational theory concepts in the treatment of Orthodox Jewish clients. Distinctions are made between "modern" Orthodox, "ultra" Orthodox (haredim/Hassidim), and other branches of Judaism. There are currently approximately 15 million Jews in the world, the majority of whom live in the United States. Judaism is the oldest monotheistic religion, and Jews constitute a historically persecuted minority. The relationship between Freudian psychoanalysis and Orthodox Judaism is significant as Freud and his early followers, most of whom were Jewish, rejected religion as a form of neurosis. Relational theories offer the possibility of re-inclusion of Judaism as a legitimate expression of human relatedness. This chapter explores the use of psychodynamic casework using relational theory with clients who are observant Jews. An overview of Jewish tradition and practices, many of which may be foreign to social workers, is provided. Case material discusses issues of engagement, transference/countertransference, and supervision, as well as particular issues relevant to Jews and gender.