In 1945, when Europe was awakening from the nightmare of World War II, in every field of activity a movement set in to reestablish traditional values. In philosophy and in institutional religion what was available were the pre-war traditions. There was still no horizon other than that within which pre-war developments had found a place, and even these had been more or less stagnant. What was ahead in the years to come could not be foreseen or conjectured: profound changes in ways of living and in religious standards. Least prepared of all were the Churches, whose leaders were anxious to maintain morality and tradition.